BACKGROUND
Described herein are systems and
methods for detecting ink jet print head defects when printing
substantially clear, colorless inks. More in particular, described are
systems and methods that detect print head defects by incorporating an
ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) sensitive material into the
substantially clear ink, which UV or IR sensitive material is
substantially invisible to the naked human eye under ambient light
conditions, and thus does not alter the appearance of the substantially
clear ink under such ambient light conditions, but which becomes
visible, and thus machine readable or detectable, upon exposure to
activating radiation (light) of the appropriate wavelength. The exposure
of an image formed with a substantially clear ink printed through the
ink jet head to the activating radiation can thus be used to allow for
any defects in the ink jets of the head to be detected. Subsequent
appropriate corrective action can then be taken.
Substantially
clear overcoats are known and have several utilities, for example
including in use as a filler ink in eliminating print ghosts, or as a
patterned or full overcoat to adjust image gloss or to protect
previously deposited color ink image, for example against scratches and
the like. Such overcoats are known, and may be applied as either a
blanket over an entire image or as a selectively applied and/or
patterned overcoat.
Prior procedures for applying substantially
clear overcoats have included flood coating techniques and the like for
covering an entire image.
Although it may be desirable to be
able to evaluate the accuracy of the application of the substantially
clear ink to the substrate, for example in order to ensure appropriate
coverage of the image by the substantially clear ink as a result of the
ink jets of the ink jet head accurately applying the substantially clear
ink to the substrate, such is difficult to accomplish when using a
substantially clear ink because the ink is not readily detectable. As a
result, defects such as clogging, misalignment and the like in the print
head are not detectable when printing a substantially clear ink from
the ink jet head.
SUMMARY
What is desired is an ink
jet method for forming clear ink materials onto a substrate, for example
as an overcoat material that is applied over an entire substrate and/or
underlying image, or selectively applied over only portions of a
substrate and/or underlying image. Such printing requires use of an ink
jet print head.
It is further desirable that the clear ink be
applied in an adequate and accurate manner over the image receiving
substrate. Problems may arise where, for example, the inkjet print head
as a whole becomes misaligned and/or one or more ink jets of the inkjet
head used to apply the substantially clear jettable ink become
inoperable or defective, for example as a result of a clog,
misalignment, mechanical failure and the like. Such an occurrence will
result in the substantially clear ink being incorrectly applied to the
substrate and/or being incompletely applied to the substrate,
potentially negatively impacting the gloss, appearance and/or durability
of the overall image.
With a clear ink, however, it is
difficult to evaluate an image to determine if one or more ink jets are
defective. Often, not until a print is recognized by human evaluation to
have a noticeable defect is a problem with a print head found. This may
be long after one or more jets of the print head have become defective,
and thus long after a large number of images with potential defects in
the application of the substantially clear ink have been printed with
the device. It is thus desirable when using a substantially clear ink
that is to be jetted with an ink jet head to be able to evaluate the ink
jets, for example either by the print device itself or a system
associated with the print device, in order to earlier detect the
presence of defective ink jets. This would permit a reduction in the
number of defective printed images formed by the print device, and
permit earlier corrective action to be taken with respect to ink jets
found to be defective.
Described is a method for detecting a
defect in an inkjet print head for printing a substantially clear ink,
comprising including an ultraviolet or infrared sensitive material in
the substantially clear ink; marking a test image on a substrate by
jetting the substantially clear ink through one or more jets of the
inkjet print head to be evaluated; exposing the test image to activating
radiation having a wavelength to which the included ultraviolet or
infrared sensitive material responds; during or following the exposing,
and while the ultraviolet or infrared sensitive material is responding
to the exposing, evaluating the test image with an image sensor; and
determining whether the inkjet print head or any one of the one or more
jets thereof is defective based on the evaluation.
Also
described is a method for forming a substantially clear ink image on an
image receiving substrate, comprising (1) a process of forming an image
comprised of substantially clear ink on an image receiving media by
forming a pattern of substantially clear ink onto a surface of the image
receiving media by jetting the substantially clear ink through one or
more ink jets of an inkjet print head, wherein the jetting is either
direct by jetting directly onto the surface of the image receiving media
or is indirect by jetting onto an intermediate substrate with the
pattern subsequently being transferred from the intermediate substrate
to the surface of the image receiving media, and wherein the
substantially clear ink includes an ultraviolet or infrared sensitive
material; and (2) a process of forming a test image for evaluation of
defects in the inkjet print head or the one or more ink jets thereof by
forming the test image comprised of the substantially clear ink by
jetting the substantially clear ink through the one or more jets of the
inkjet print head; moving the test image past a radiation emitting
device that emits radiation at a wavelength to which the ultraviolet or
infrared sensitive material is sensitive to cause the ultraviolet or
infrared sensitive material to be activated, and moving the test image
past an image sensor while the ultraviolet or infrared sensitive
material is activated, where the test image is evaluated; and
determining whether the inkjet print head or any of the one or more jets
thereof is defective based on the evaluation.
Further described
is a system for detecting a defect in one or more ink jets of an inkjet
print head that prints a substantially clear ink, comprising an inkjet
print head associated with a substrate, wherein the substrate moves past
the inkjet print head; an image sensor downstream from the inkjet print
head, wherein the substrate moves past the image sensor following the
formation of an image comprised of substantially clear ink including an
ultraviolet or infrared sensitive material on the substrate by the
inkjet print head; and a radiation emitting source, located upstream of
or at the image sensor, wherein the radiation emitting source emits
radiation having a wavelength activating the ultraviolet or infrared
sensitive material of the substantially clear ink.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of an inkjet print device configured for marking images on an intermediate substrate drum.
FIG. 2 shows the inkjet device of FIG. 1 configured to transfer images marked on the drum to media.
FIG. 3 shows the inkjet device of FIG. 1 configured to perform maintenance on the print head.
EMBODIMENTS
Inkjet
print devices, such as, for example, a solid inkjet printer, an ink-jet
printer, or an inkjet facsimile machine, are known wherein an inkjet
print head moves relative to and ejects marking material toward a
substrate. In direct printing systems, the ink is ejected directly onto
the surface of an image receiving media. In indirect printing processes,
the ink is first ejected onto an intermediate substrate, for example a
rotating drum or a rotating closed loop web, in order to form an image
on the intermediate substrate, and subsequently the image is transferred
from the intermediate substrate onto the image receiving media such as a
sheet of paper, transparency and the like. In indirect printing
systems, the device includes a transfer roller that applies pressure to
the back of a sheet of media as the sheet of media is transported
between the intermediate substrate and the transfer roller.
In
direct and indirect systems, the quality of the image formed on the
sheet of media may be influenced by, among other things, the positioning
of the inkjet print head, the positioning of ink jets within the inkjet
print head and the ability for the ink jets to consistently eject ink.
For example, the whole print head can become misaligned, or ink jets
within the inkjet print head can become clogged. The ink jets can also
become misaligned such that ink is not consistently ejected in the same
direction. Solid inkjet print heads are prone to randomly develop
defects such as overall misalignment and clogged or misaligned jets.
Once an inkjet head or ink jets thereof becomes defective, it will
remain defective until the defects are corrected. Typically, some
maintenance is required in order to correct the inkjets and/or inkjet
print heads. The defect will thus remain with the inkjet print head
until some maintenance is performed. The maintenance may include a
purging operation or a realignment of the inkjet head or the ink jets
thereof.
Conventionally, in order to determine whether the
inkjet print head or one or more ink jets thereof is defective, an image
would be printed onto an image receiving media and the image visually
inspected in order to detect defects in the ink jets and/or inkjet print
head. However, such inspections sometimes miss minor defects. Further,
even when defects are found, the location of any ink jets that are
defective is still difficult to locate.
In the present
application, difficulty arises with respect to attempting to evaluate an
inkjet print head and the ink jets thereof where the inkjet print head
provides a substantially clear ink onto an image receiving substrate.
Because the ink is substantially clear, it is not capable of being
detected by an image sensor. The present application addresses this and
other issues, for example through the inclusion of an ultraviolet or
infrared sensitive material in the substantially clear ink, which
additive does not substantially affect the appearance of the
substantially clear ink under ambient light conditions, but permits the
ink to appear with a detectable color or light intensity when exposed to
activating radiation which the ultraviolet or infrared sensitive
material absorbs. A radiation emitting device, for example an
ultraviolet LED, infrared emitting device and the like, is provided
upstream of or at an image sensor. When the ultraviolet or infrared
sensitive material is activated by being exposed to the appropriate
activating radiation, the image sensor is able to detect at least the
presence or absence of the ink at locations the ink should be present in
a printed test image, and the intensity of the ink at those locations,
which is indicative of the amount of ink at that location, and thus to
detect the presence of a defective head or ink jet.
Ink jet
defects may be caused by material clogging or partially clogging the
defective jet. When an ink jet is clogged or partially clogged, the clog
may influence, for example, drop mass, drop velocity, and/or drop
direction. Print heads and the ink jets thereof may become defective as
the mechanical, timing, image alignment, and registration attributes of
the print head vary with time and usage. Ink jet and print head defects
require occasional readjustment. Herein, an inkjet print head will be
considered defective if the print head is misaligned or if at least one
ink jet within that print head is defective.
In detecting
defective print heads and ink jets, an image on drum (IOD) or image on
web array (IOWA) sensor may be used to allow a device to measure the
various defects or variations (for example, clogged ink jets and or
misalignment of ink jets and/or print heads). An IOD or IOWA sensor is
an image sensor configured to monitor, for example, the presence,
intensity, and/or location of marking material jetted onto a substrate
by the ink jets of the print head(s). An IOD or IOWA sensor could
generally include, for example, a light source and one or more optical
detectors situated to detect marking material on a substrate.
The
systems and methods herein may be either direct or indirect. In a
direct printing system and method, the substrate is an image receiving
media. The test image for evaluation is jetted directly onto the image
receiving media substrate, and the test image on the image receiving
media is then subjected to the evaluation for a defective print head or
ink jets. In an indirect printing system and method, the substrate upon
which the test image to be evaluated is either an image receiving media
or an intermediate substrate. For example, in the indirect system, the
image is first formed on an intermediate substrate by jetting from the
inkjet print head. The test image on the intermediate substrate may be
evaluated for inkjet print head or ink jet defects. The test image on
the intermediate substrate may then subsequently be removed from the
intermediate substrate without transfer to an image receiving media, or
the test image may be transferred to an image receiving media substrate
after evaluation and the media discarded. Alternatively, the test image
may be transferred to the image receiving media substrate prior to being
evaluated, and the test image on the image receiving substrate
evaluated for defects in the inkjet print head or ink jets in the same
manner as above for the direct printing system and method. Substrate as
used generally herein thus may refer to either the image receiving media
substrate or to the intermediate substrate.
In the methods
herein, the test image to be evaluated may be formed either over an
existing image on the substrate, for example an existing color image, or
may be formed on a portion of the substrate including no other image
portions thereon.
For a general understanding of an inkjet
device, such as, for example, a solid inkjet printer, an inkjet printer,
or an inkjet facsimile machine, in which the features herein may be
incorporated, reference is made to FIGS. 1-3. FIGS. 1-3 illustrate a
device using an intermediate substrate. However, it is here again
emphasized that the systems and methods herein are equally applicable to
direct printing systems where the images are jetted directly onto image
receiving media without use of an intermediate substrate. Illustration
of a direct system is not necessary, as the modification to such system
from the illustrated indirect systems is evident to practitioners in the
art.
As shown in FIG. 1, an exemplary inkjet device 100 includes, in part, a print head 110 having one or more inkjets 120 , an intermediate substrate (intermediate transfer drum 130 ), a transfer roller 140 , an image sensor 150 , a radiation emitting source 155 , a print head maintenance unit 160 , a drum maintenance unit 170 , a media pre-heater 180 that constitutes a portion of the media feed path, and a controller 199 . When configured to mark an image on the intermediate transfer drum 130 , as shown in FIG. 1, the print head 110 , under the control of the controller 199 , is positioned in close proximity to the intermediate transfer drum 130 . As a result, under the control of the controller 199 , the one or more ink jets 120 deposit marking material on the intermediate transfer drum 130 to form an image. While the marking material is being deposited on the intermediate transfer drum 130 , the transfer roller 140 is not in contact with the intermediate transfer drum 130 .
The
intermediate substrate may take any suitable form, for example it may
be in the form of a drum or of a closed loop web and the like. In the
exemplary embodiments shown, the intermediate substrate is illustrated
as a drum 130 . Any materials known in the art to be used, or
that are developed in the future for use, as inkjet transfer members may
be used.
According to various exemplary embodiments, a single image may cover the entire intermediate transfer drum 130
(single-pitch). According to various other exemplary embodiments, a
plurality of images may be marked on the intermediate transfer drum 130
(multi-pitch). Furthermore, the images may be marked in a single pass
(single pass method), or the images may be marked in a plurality of
passes (multi-pass method). When images are marked on the intermediate
transfer drum 130 according to the multi-pass method, under the control of the controller 199 , a small amount of marking material representing the image is marked by the ink jets 120 during a first rotation of the intermediate transfer drum 130 . Then during one or more subsequent rotations of the intermediate transfer drum 130 , under the control of the controller 199 ,
marking material representing the same image is laid on top of the
original image thereby increasing the total amount of marking material
representing the image on the intermediate transfer drum 130 .
For application of a substantially clear ink, as either a patterned or
complete coating, the application is typically done in a single pass.
In
a multi-pitch marking architecture, the surface of the intermediate
substrate is partitioned into multiple segments, each segment including a
full page image and an inter-document zone. For example, a two pitch
intermediate transfer drum 130 is capable of marking two images, each corresponding to a single sheet of media 190 , during a revolution of the intermediate transfer drum 130 . Likewise, for example, a three pitch intermediate transfer drum 130 is capable of marking three images, each corresponding to a single sheet of media 190 , during a pass or revolution of the drum.
Once an image or images have been marked on the intermediate transfer drum 130 , under the control of the controller 199 , the exemplary inkjet device 100 may convert to a configuration for transferring the image or images from the intermediate transfer drum 130 onto a sheet of media 190 . According to this configuration, shown in FIG. 2, a sheet of media 190 is transported through an optional media pre-heater 180 , under the control of the controller 199 , to a position adjacent to and in contact with the intermediate transfer drum 130 . When the sheet of media 190 contacts the intermediate transfer drum 130 , the transfer roller 140 is positioned in a transfer position, under the control of the controller 199 , to apply pressure on the back side of the media in order to press the media against the intermediate transfer drum 130 (FIG. 2). The pressure created by the transfer roller 140 on the back side of the sheet of media 190 facilitates the transfer of the marked image from the intermediate transfer drum 130 on to the sheet of media 190 .
Due to the movement, in this case rotation, of the intermediate transfer drum 130 and the transfer roller 140 (shown by arrows in FIG. 2), the image or images on the intermediate transfer drum 130 is/are transferred onto the sheet of media 190 , or sheets of media 190 , while the sheet of media 190 , or sheets of media 190 , are transported through the exemplary inkjet device 100 (in a direction shown by an arrow in FIG. 2).
Once an image is transferred from the intermediate transfer drum 130 onto a sheet of media 190 , as discussed above, the intermediate transfer drum 130 continues to rotate and, under the control of the controller 199 , any residual marking material left on the intermediate transfer drum 130 is removed by the drum maintenance unit 170 .
When it is determined that print head maintenance is required, for example where a defective ink jet 120 or print head 110 is detected as a result of an evaluation of a test image on a substrate, the inkjet device 100 , under the control of the controller 199 ,
may enter, for example, a print head maintenance mode, shown in FIG. 3.
During print head maintenance, under the control of the controller 199 , the print head may be retracted from the intermediate transfer drum 130 (as shown by an arrow in FIG. 3) and, under the control of the controller 199 , a print head maintenance unit 160 is positioned adjacent the inkjets 120 . The print head maintenance unit 160 , under the control of the controller 199 , purges the ink jets 120 to correct any clogged or partially clogged jets. If the print head 110 or an ink jet 120 thereof is misaligned, under the control of the controller 199 ,
realignment may be effected. If the jet intensity of inkjets within the
print head is outside a predetermined range, under the control of the
controller 199 , the jet intensity of the print head, one or
more groups of ink jets within the print head, and/or one or more ink
jets may be adjusted.
Exemplary embodiments herein mark a test
image on a substrate, either an image receiving media or an intermediate
substrate as discussed above. The test image may be embedded within a
print run.
As has been discussed above, the systems and methods
herein are for use with an inkjet print head that prints a substantially
clear ink. Substantially clear ink herein refers to, for example, the
ink having an appearance that is substantially transparent to a naked
human eye under substantially ambient lighting conditions, and thus has
no perceptible color or hue to the naked human eye. The substantially
clear ink may have a perceptible gloss to the naked human eye. The
substantially clear ink may be either a solid or liquid ink, although
the ink is most typically a solid ink jet ink that is solid at room
temperatures and that is heated to at or above its melting temperature
for jetting through the inkjet print head.
Also as has been
discussed above, a conventional image sensor system, designed for the
detection of pigmented or dyed marking materials, such as image sensor 150
is not capable of evaluating the image formed by the substantially
clear ink on the substrate as the image lacks detectable color. Herein,
this is addressed by (1) including an ultraviolet or infrared sensitive
and/or absorbent material in the substantially clear ink, and (2)
including at or upstream of (in an image formation process direction)
the image sensor, a radiation emitting source that emits radiation, or
light, having a wavelength at which the ultraviolet or infrared
sensitive material absorbs or reflects, thereby activating the
ultraviolet or infrared sensitive material and causing contrast with
respect to an unmarked substrate so that the image is detectable by the
image sensor. The image must proceed to the image sensor while the
ultraviolet or infrared sensitive material is activated as a result of
the exposure to the activating radiation.
As shown in FIGS. 1-3,
the inkjet print head is upstream of the image sensor and radiation
emitting device, in an image formation process direction, which sensor
and emitting device are in turn upstream of the transfer device. The
intermediate substrate is configured to move, or rotate, past each of
these devices in the image formation process. The intermediate substrate
maintenance unit is downstream from the transfer device. In a direct
print system, the inkjet print head would again be upstream of the
radiation emitting device and image sensor, and following jetting of an
image onto the image receiving media, the image receiving media would
proceed along a pathway past the radiation emitting device and the image
sensor.
The substantially clear ink typically comprises at
least an ink vehicle or binder and at least one ultraviolet (UV) or
infrared (IR) sensitive material.
As the ink vehicle, any ink or
toner vehicles may be suitably used. For phase change solid inks, the
vehicle may be any of those described in U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 11/548,775, U.S. Pat. No. 6,906,118 and/or U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,187,
each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The ink vehicle
may also be UV radiation curable, for example any of the ink vehicles
described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/548,774, incorporated
herein by reference in its entirety. The ink vehicle may also be any
toner polymer binder, for example such as a polyester or a polyacrylate
and the like.
The ink vehicle may also include a wax such as
paraffins, microcrystalline waxes, polyolefin waxes such as polyethylene
or polypropylene waxes, ester waxes, fatty acids and other waxy
materials, fatty amide containing materials, sulfonamide materials,
resinous materials made from different natural sources (tall oil rosins
and rosin esters, for example), and synthetic waxes. The wax may be
present in an amount of from about 5% to about 25% by weight of the ink.
Examples of suitable waxes include polypropylenes and polyethylenes
commercially available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation,
wax emulsions available from Michaelman Inc. and the Daniels Products
Company, EPOLENE N-15™ commercially available from Eastman Chemical
Products, Inc., VISCOL 550-P™, a low weight average molecular weight
polypropylene available from Sanyo Kasei K.K., and similar materials.
The commercially available polyethylenes selected usually possess a
molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 1,500, while the
commercially available polypropylenes utilized for the toner
compositions of the present invention are believed to have a molecular
weight of from about 4,000 to about 5,000. Examples of suitable
functionalized waxes include, for example, amines, amides, imides,
esters, quaternary amines, carboxylic acids or acrylic polymer emulsion,
for example JONCRYL™ 74, 89, 130, 537, and 538, all available from SC
Johnson Wax, chlorinated polypropylenes and polyethylenes commercially
available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation and SC Johnson
wax.
In embodiments, the UV or IR sensitive material is any UV
or IR sensitive material that does not significantly negatively impact
the substantial clearness and/or transparency of the substantially clear
ink. That is, the material should be such that the substantially clear
ink remains substantially clear to the naked human eye under
substantially ambient lighting conditions. An advantage in using such
materials is that the substantially clear ink can be made to be
invisible in ambient light, and only becomes visible and machine
detectable upon exposure to radiation such as UV or IR light at which
the material absorbs radiation so as to become activated and, for
example, fluoresces or otherwise emits radiation that is itself
detectable by the image sensor. The UV or IR sensitive material is
sensitive to an activating radiation, for example a radiation having a
wavelength from about 10 nm to about 1,000 nm, such as from about 10 nm
to about 400 nm (the UV light range) or from about 700 nm to about 1,000
nm (the IR light range). The activating radiation may thus be in the
ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) regions.
When the UV or IR
sensitive material is included in the substantially clear ink, the
printed image is not visible or apparent to a viewer in ambient light.
Upon exposure to the activating radiation to which the UV or IR
sensitive material is sensitive, the material provides a detectable
contrast, for example by emitting a color or brightness intensity, that
causes the ink to become detectable by the image sensor.
The UV
or IR absorbing material may be present in the substantially clear ink
in any desired amount, and desirably present in an amount effective to
impart a desired color and intensity (for example, fluorescence) under
the appropriate radiation (for example, UV or IR light) conditions. For
example, the material may be present in the ink in an amount of from
about 0.1 to about 25% by weight, such as from about 0.5 to about 20% by
weight or from about 1 to about 15% by weight, of the ink.
In
embodiments, the UV sensitive material may be a fluorescent material,
that is, a material that fluoresces upon absorbing radiation or light
having an activating wavelength for the material. Fluorescent refers to,
for example, the capability of a material to fluoresce upon exposure to
the activating radiation. The fluorescing may occur instantaneously on
exposure to the activating radiation, or may occur after overcoming any
activation phase. The fluorescing exhibited by the UV sensitive material
is reversible, but should last for a time period permitting the color
change or brightness intensity change to be detected by the image
sensor, for example a time frame of from about 0.1 seconds to about 1
hour, such as from about 0.5 seconds to about 30 minutes or from about
0.5 seconds to about 5 minutes.
Suitable fluorescent materials
include, for example, fluorescent dyes, fluorescent pigments and
inorganic quantum nanoparticle materials. Examples of fluorescent dyes
include those belonging to dye families such as rhodamines,
fluoresciens, coumarins, napthalimides, benzoxanthenes, acridines, azos,
mixtures thereof and the like. Suitable fluorescent dyes include, for
example, Basic Yellow 40, Basic Red 1, Basic Violet 11, Basic Violet 10,
Basic Violet 16, Acid Yellow 73, Acid Yellow 184, Acid Red 50, Acid Red
52, Solvent Yellow 44, Solvent Yellow 131, Solvent Yellow 85, Solvent
Yellow 135, solvent Yellow 43, Solvent Yellow 160, Fluorescent
Brightener 61, mixtures thereof and the like. Other suitable fluorescent
dyes include oil and solvent based dyes such as DFSB class, DFPD class,
DFSB-K class available from Risk Reactor. Suitable fluorescent pigments
include, for example, those available from Day-Glo Color Corp., such as
aurora pink T-11 and GT-11, neon red T-12, rocket red T-13 or GT-13,
fire orange T-14 or GT-14N, blaze orange T-15 or GT-15N, arc yellow
T-16, saturn yellow T-17N, corona magenta GT-21 and GT-17N, mixtures
thereof and the like. Other suitable fluorescent pigments available from
Risk Reactor are for example PFC class, such as PFC-03, which switches
from invisible to red when exposed to UV light, and PF class such as
PF-09, which switches from invisible to violet when exposed to UV light.
Other suppliers of fluorescent materials include Beaver Luminescers and
Cleveland Pigment & Color Co.
Specific examples of UV
sensitive materials include 4,4′-bis(styryl)biphenyl,
2-(4-phenylstilben-4-yl)-6-butylbenzoxazole, beta-methylumbelliferone,
4,-methyl-7-dimethylamino coumarin, 4-methyl-7-aminocoumarin,
N-methyl-4-methoxy-1,8-naphthalimide, 9,10-bis(phenethynyl)anthracene,
5,12-bis(phenethynyl)naphthacene, DAYGLO INVISIBLE BLUE and the like.
Quantum
nanoparticle materials are fluorescent inorganic semiconductor
nanoparticle materials (also known as quantum dots). The light emission
of quantum nanoparticles is due to quantum confinement of electrons and
holes. An advantage of quantum nanoparticles is that they can be tuned
so that they emit any desired wavelength (color) as a function of their
size, by using one material only and the same synthetic process. For
example, in a nanoparticle size range of from about 2 to about 10 nm,
one can obtain a full range of colors from the visible range of the
spectrum. In addition, quantum nanoparticles possess improved fatigue
resistance when compared with organic dyes. Another advantage of quantum
nanoparticles is their narrow emission bands. Due to their small size,
typically less than about 30 nm, such as less than about 20 nm, marking
materials containing the nanoparticles can be easily jetted. Quantum
nanoparticles are available from a variety of companies, such as from
Evident Technologies.
In embodiments, the quantum nanoparticles
used herein are functionalized quantum nanoparticles. Surface
functionalized quantum nanoparticles may have better compatibility with
the vehicles of the marking materials. Suitable functional groups
present on the surface of the nanoparticles for compatibility with
marking material vehicles may include long linear or branched alkyl
groups, for example from about 1 carbon atom to about 150 carbon atoms
in length, such as from about 2 carbon atoms to about 125 carbon atoms
or from about 3 carbon atoms to about 100 carbon atoms. Other suitable
compatibilizing groups include polyesters, polyethers, polyamides,
polycarbonates and the like. The ink containing quantum nanoparticles
may be made to have very specific emission spectra. For example, the
marking material may be made to have an emission range having a narrow
full width half max emission range peak of about 30 nm or less, such as
about 25 nm or less or about 20 nm or less. This permits the emitted
color wavelength to be particularly tuned, and for the image sensor to
be set to detect emissions at very specific wavelengths.
In
embodiments, the substantially clear ink may be UV curable, whereupon
after jetting of the image, the ink is exposed to a curing radiation to
crosslink and cure the ink image. In such embodiments, it is necessary
for the ink to include both a curable ink vehicle, for example an
acrylate or styrene based vehicle and/or a wax vehicle, and a UV
photoinitiator. The presence of the photoinitiator is sufficient to
cause a change in color or brightness intensity upon exposure to UV
light such that the ink becomes detectable by the image sensor. Further,
the intensity and/or length of the activating radiation applied for the
image sensing is typically small enough that curing of the image on the
intermediate transfer substrate does not occur to any significant
degree, and subsequent curing of the ink is not substantially adversely
affected.
UV curable ink vehicles are well known in the art.
Examples of photoinitiators that may be used in a UV curable ink include
the phosphine oxide class of photoinitiators such as
diphenyl-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phospine oxide,
1-hydroxy-cyclohexylphenyltketone, benzophenone,
2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-(4-morphorlinyl)phenyl)-1-bu
tanone, 2-methyl-1-(4-methylthio)phenyl-2-(4-morphorlinyl)-1-propano
ne, diphenyl-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phospine oxide, phenyl
bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, benzyl-dimethylketal,
isopropylthioxanthone, a combination of isopropylthioxanthone or
benzophenone and a suitable amine functionality such as the oligomer
PO94 F from BASF or small molecule amines such as ethyl
4-(dimethylamino)benzoate, mixtures thereof and the like. This list is
not exhaustive; any known photoinitiator that can be used in the
composition of an ink may be used.
The photoinitiators initiate
the polymerization of activated carbon-carbon double bonds to form
chains of single bonds. Activation of carbon-carbon double bonds to free
radical polymerization is generally achieved through conjugation with
other double bonds such as occurs with acrylate, methacrylate and
styrenic groups. Styrene derivatives often have other photochemical
pathways available to them that interfere with the desired
polymerization or curing of the ink.
Examples of infrared
sensitive materials include IR sensitive dyes such as phthalocyanines,
carbocyanines, dicarbocyanines, tricarbocyanines, tetracarbocyanines and
pentacarbocyanines. For example, the IR sensitive dyes include metal
phthalocyanines, vanadyl phthalocyanine, dihydroxygermanium
phthalocyanines like copper phthalocyanine, and metal free
phthalocyanines, octa-alkoxyphthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine
derivatives, 3,3′-diethylthiatricarbocyanine,
5,5′-dichloro-11-diphenylamino-3,3′-diethyl-10,12′-eth
ylene-thiatricarbocyanine perchlorate,
anhydro-11-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-1-piperazinyl)-10,12-ethylene-3
,3,3′,3′-tetraethyl-1,1′-di(3-sulfopropyl)-4,5,4′,5�
��-dibenzoindotricarbocyanine hydroxide, dyes with Q-band absorption in
the far or near infrared (M. J. Cook, A. J. Dunn, S. D. Howe, A. J.
Thomson, and K. J. Harrison, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1 (1988),
2453, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by
reference), combinations thereof and the like.
The systems and methods herein also include use of a radiation emitting source (for example, 155
in FIGS. 1-3) located upstream of or at the image sensor, wherein the
radiation emitting source emits radiation, or light, having a wavelength
to which the ultraviolet or infrared sensitive material is sensitive,
for example at which the material absorbs the radiation, thereby
activating the material. In this way, the image sensor can detect the
presence or absence of the substantially clear ink, and the amount of
the ink (due to relative intensity), without the image quality or
appearance having to be compromised.
As the radiation emitting
source, any suitable source presently known in the art or that may
become known in the future may be used. As one example, a light emitting
diode (LED), for example a UV emitting LED, may be used where the
sensitive material included in the ink is UV sensitive. An AlGaN alloy
LED, for example, may emit light in the 320 to 360 nm wavelength range.
IR emitting sources are also readily known and available. Commercially
available lights include, for example, SpecBright™ lights.
In
the process and system, the radiation emitting source must be provided
at or in advance of the image sensor with respect to the rotation
direction of the intermediate substrate. Following printing of the
substantially clear ink on the substrate, the ink is exposed to the
activating radiation provided by the radiation source. The exposure
should be for a sufficient time and intensity to permit the UV or IR
sensitive material to sufficiently absorb the radiation and subsequently
create contrast due to the absorption of the radiation. Exposure may be
for any desired or effective period of time, for example, from about
0.01 second to about 30 seconds, such as from about 0.01 second to about
15 seconds or from about 0.01 second to about 5 seconds. Where the
emission continues for a period of time even after the exposure to the
activating radiation is ceased, the activating radiation providing
source may be turned off and the image then subjected to evaluation by
the image sensor. This may be advantageous where the activating
radiation providing source may interfere with an accurate detection by
the image sensor. Of course, it is also possible to have the activating
radiation remain on during the evaluation of the printed image, formed
by the substantially clear ink, by the image sensor. A requirement for
image sensing is that the UV or IR sensitive material be activated
during the image sensing, such that detectable contrast is still
present.
In the process, a test image is marked on the substrate
(image receiving media or intermediate substrate) by jetting the
substantially clear ink through one or more jets of the inkjet print
head to be evaluated. It is not necessary to evaluate all of the jets of
the inkjet print head at the same time. It may be desirable for the
evaluation to conduct an evaluation on only a single ink jet or upon ink
jets in a same column of the inkjet print head. In this way, the
possible misalignment of ink jets may be more readily detected, for
example because substantially clear ink will be detected on portions of
the substrate where it should not be present. Of course, it is also
possible to evaluate the entire inkjet print head and all of the ink
jets at the same time.
In the methods described herein, the
system is capable of forming both a substantially clear image on an
image receiving substrate during a printing mode and is capable of
forming a test image on the substrate for evaluation by the image sensor
during an ink jet evaluation mode.
In the printing mode in an
indirect system, the transfer device is moved into a transfer position,
wherein the transfer device is brought into proximity to the
intermediate substrate surface. In this way, a substantially clear ink
image formed on the intermediate substrate surface may be transferred to
an image receiving substrate, as discussed above. In evaluation mode,
the transfer device may be in the transfer position, in which case the
test image is transferred to an image receiving substrate for
discarding, or it may be moved to a non-transfer position away from the
surface of the image receiving substrate, in which case the test image,
after evaluation, is removed from the intermediate surface by the
intermediate surface maintenance device, as discussed above.
Moreover,
in evaluation mode, if one of the test images is evaluated by the
controller and the controller determines that the inkjet print head or
one or more ink jets are defective, then, under the control of the
controller, the marking operation may be paused or terminated and print
head maintenance and/or realignment may be performed.
The
formation of test images for evaluation may occur at any time, for
example between print jobs, at the beginning of a print job, or in the
middle of a print job. For multi-pitch intermediate substrates, the test
image may be formed on one of the pitches not being used during a print
job on a given rotation of the intermediate substrate. In this way,
down time of the device for evaluations may be minimized. It may also be
advantageous to mark test images on blank pitches at the beginning of
an image sequence or print job. If the image sequence is large and there
is a defective ink jet and/or print head, the defect will be detected
before a substantial amount of images are marked and transferred to
sheets of media. Typically, when a substantial amount of images are
marked and transferred to sheets of media using a defective ink jet
and/or print head, all of the resources utilized to mark and transfer
the images will be wasted since the images will reflect the defects of
the defective ink jet and/or print head.
During an evaluation of
a test image, the speed of movement of the image receiving media or of
the intermediate substrate may be adjusted, for example slowed, if
necessary to ensure proper evaluation of the test image.
Although,
for ease of explanation, the above embodiments are described within the
context of an inkjet device having one print head, various other
embodiments may include more than one print head. Furthermore, although,
for ease of explanation, the above described embodiments are described
within the context of an inkjet device having one controller, various
other embodiments may use more than one controller within the device,
and/or at least one controller outside the device, such as in a locally
or remotely located laptop or personal computer, a personal digital
assistant, a tablet computer, a device that stores and/or transmits
electronic data, such as a client or a server of a wired or wireless
network, an intranet, an extranet, a local area network, a wide area
network, a storage area network, the Internet (especially the World Wide
Web), and the like. In general, the one or more controllers may be in
any known or later-developed source that is capable of providing control
signals to an inkjet device.
It will be appreciated that
various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or
alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other
different systems or applications. Also, various presently unforeseen or
unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements
therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art, and are
also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.